Study: Solar power reduces bird diversity in China

The rapid expansion of photovoltaic parks in China is associated with a reduction in bird diversity, according to a study published in the journal "Science". Researchers draw attention to an increasingly important dilemma of the energy transition: reducing carbon emissions must be reconciled with protecting biodiversity. The study analyzed solar energy development policies in 2,344 Chinese counties, from 2014 to 2023. The researchers correlated data on the expansion of solar parks with information on meteorological and socio-economic conditions, land use and bird populations.

Data from participatory science projects were also used to assess the effects on biodiversity. The results indicate a systematic association between the expansion of solar energy and the reduction in bird diversity, even if the magnitude of the effect is considered moderate. Both sedentary and migratory birds have recorded significant declines. In contrast, mountain species, whose habitats are less compatible with solar park development, were not affected. "Solar energy development (...) may unintentionally affect local biodiversity,” the authors concluded.

• China invests heavily in renewable energy

The expansion of solar energy is part of China's strategy to reduce emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. By 2024, the area occupied by solar installations had reached about 4,520 square kilometers, according to the study, and solar energy is estimated to represent 45% of China's energy mix by 2060.

The study's lead author, Huiming Zhang, of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, stressed, however, that the research does not advocate slowing down the energy transition. "The message is not to slow down the transition to renewables, but to ensure that the development of solar energy takes into account environmental challenges to a greater extent," Zhang told AFP.

• Reforestation does not always compensate for losses

One of the problems identified by the researchers is related to the reforestation measures associated with the development of solar parks. Although these were introduced as mandatory compensation measures, their implementation in a too homogeneous way can lead to a decrease in the ecological quality of habitats and, implicitly, a reduction in biodiversity. The researchers therefore recommend a thorough assessment of each site before building a photovoltaic park and directing investments to areas where the impact on natural habitats is lower, including certain desert regions.

• A wider issue of the energy transition

Although the analysis focused on solar energy, its implications may go beyond this sector. Yuanning Liang, of Peking University, said in a commentary that the issues identified may also be relevant to other renewable sources, including wind power.

The researchers argue that renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation are not incompatible goals, but the outcome depends largely on how investments are planned. "Renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation do not necessarily have to be done at the expense of each other, but careful site selection and measures taken to protect biodiversity are essential,” said Huiming Zhang.